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---
name: qdrant-vector-search
description: 高性能向量相似度搜索引擎,适用于 RAG 和语义搜索。当需要构建生产级 RAG 系统,要求快速最近邻搜索、带过滤条件的混合搜索,或需要可扩展的 Rust 高性能向量存储时使用。
version: 1.0.0
author: Orchestra Research
license: MIT
dependencies: [qdrant-client>=1.12.0]
platforms: [linux, macos, windows]
metadata:
hermes:
tags: [RAG, Vector Search, Qdrant, Semantic Search, Embeddings, Similarity Search, HNSW, Production, Distributed]
---
# Qdrant - 向量相似度搜索引擎
基于 Rust 编写的高性能向量数据库,适用于生产级 RAG 和语义搜索。
## 何时使用 Qdrant
**使用 Qdrant 的场景:**
- 构建需要低延迟的生产级 RAG 系统
- 需要混合搜索(向量 + 元数据过滤)
- 需要支持分片/复制的水平扩展
- 希望本地部署并完全掌控数据
- 每条记录需要多向量存储(稠密 + 稀疏)
- 构建实时推荐系统
**主要特性:**
- **Rust 驱动**:内存安全,高性能
- **丰富过滤**:搜索时可按任意 payload 字段过滤
- **多向量支持**:每个点支持稠密、稀疏、多稠密向量
- **量化**:标量、乘积、二进制量化,节省内存
- **分布式**:Raft 共识、分片、复制
- **REST + gRPC**:两种 API 功能完全对等
**备选方案:**
- **Chroma**:安装更简单,适用于嵌入式场景
- **FAISS**:追求最高原始速度,适用于研究/批量处理
- **Pinecone**:全托管,适合零运维偏好
- **Weaviate**:偏好 GraphQL,内置向量化器
## 快速开始
### 安装
```bash
# Python 客户端
pip install qdrant-client
# Docker(推荐用于开发)
docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 qdrant/qdrant
# Docker 持久化存储
docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 \
-v $(pwd)/qdrant_storage:/qdrant/storage \
qdrant/qdrant
```
### 基本用法
```python
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
from qdrant_client.models import Distance, VectorParams, PointStruct
# 连接 Qdrant
client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)
# 创建集合
client.create_collection(
collection_name="documents",
vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
)
# 插入向量及 payload
client.upsert(
collection_name="documents",
points=[
PointStruct(
id=1,
vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...], # 384 维向量
payload={"title": "Doc 1", "category": "tech"}
),
PointStruct(
id=2,
vector=[0.3, 0.4, ...],
payload={"title": "Doc 2", "category": "science"}
)
]
)
# 带过滤条件的搜索
results = client.search(
collection_name="documents",
query_vector=[0.15, 0.25, ...],
query_filter={
"must": [{"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}}]
},
limit=10
)
for point in results:
print(f"ID: {point.id}, Score: {point.score}, Payload: {point.payload}")
```
## 核心概念
### Points - 基本数据单元
```python
from qdrant_client.models import PointStruct
# Point = ID + 向量 + Payload
point = PointStruct(
id=123, # 整数或 UUID 字符串
vector=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ...], # 稠密向量
payload={ # 任意 JSON 元数据
"title": "Document title",
"category": "tech",
"timestamp": 1699900000,
"tags": ["python", "ml"]
}
)
# 批量 upsert(推荐)
client.upsert(
collection_name="documents",
points=[point1, point2, point3],
wait=True # 等待索引完成
)
```
### Collections - 向量容器
```python
from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, HnswConfigDiff
# 创建集合并配置 HNSW
client.create_collection(
collection_name="documents",
vectors_config=VectorParams(
size=384, # 向量维度
distance=Distance.COSINE # COSINE, EUCLID, DOT, MANHATTAN
),
hnsw_config=HnswConfigDiff(
m=16, # 每节点连接数(默认 16
ef_construct=100, # 构建时精度(默认 100
full_scan_threshold=10000 # 低于此值切换为暴力搜索
),
on_disk_payload=True # payload 存储到磁盘
)
# 查看集合信息
info = client.get_collection("documents")
print(f"点数: {info.points_count}, 向量数: {info.vectors_count}")
```
### 距离度量
| 度量方式 | 适用场景 | 范围 |
|--------|----------|-------|
| `COSINE` | 文本嵌入、归一化向量 | 0 到 2 |
| `EUCLID` | 空间数据、图像特征 | 0 到 ∞ |
| `DOT` | 推荐系统、非归一化向量 | -∞ 到 ∞ |
| `MANHATTAN` | 稀疏特征、离散数据 | 0 到 ∞ |
## 搜索操作
### 基本搜索
```python
# 简单最近邻搜索
results = client.search(
collection_name="documents",
query_vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
limit=10,
with_payload=True,
with_vectors=False # 不返回向量(更快)
)
```
### 带过滤条件的搜索
```python
from qdrant_client.models import Filter, FieldCondition, MatchValue, Range
# 复杂过滤
results = client.search(
collection_name="documents",
query_vector=query_embedding,
query_filter=Filter(
must=[
FieldCondition(key="category", match=MatchValue(value="tech")),
FieldCondition(key="timestamp", range=Range(gte=1699000000))
],
must_not=[
FieldCondition(key="status", match=MatchValue(value="archived"))
]
),
limit=10
)
# 简化过滤语法
results = client.search(
collection_name="documents",
query_vector=query_embedding,
query_filter={
"must": [
{"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}},
{"key": "price", "range": {"gte": 10, "lte": 100}}
]
},
limit=10
)
```
### 批量搜索
```python
from qdrant_client.models import SearchRequest
# 一次请求执行多个查询
results = client.search_batch(
collection_name="documents",
requests=[
SearchRequest(vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5),
SearchRequest(vector=[0.2, ...], limit=5, filter={"must": [...]}),
SearchRequest(vector=[0.3, ...], limit=10)
]
)
```
## RAG 集成
### 配合 sentence-transformers
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, PointStruct
# 初始化
encoder = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)
# 创建集合
client.create_collection(
collection_name="knowledge_base",
vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
)
# 索引文档
documents = [
{"id": 1, "text": "Python is a programming language", "source": "wiki"},
{"id": 2, "text": "Machine learning uses algorithms", "source": "textbook"},
]
points = [
PointStruct(
id=doc["id"],
vector=encoder.encode(doc["text"]).tolist(),
payload={"text": doc["text"], "source": doc["source"]}
)
for doc in documents
]
client.upsert(collection_name="knowledge_base", points=points)
# RAG 检索
def retrieve(query: str, top_k: int = 5) -> list[dict]:
query_vector = encoder.encode(query).tolist()
results = client.search(
collection_name="knowledge_base",
query_vector=query_vector,
limit=top_k
)
return [{"text": r.payload["text"], "score": r.score} for r in results]
# 在 RAG 流水线中使用
context = retrieve("What is Python?")
prompt = f"Context: {context}\n\nQuestion: What is Python?"
```
### 配合 LangChain
```python
from langchain_community.vectorstores import Qdrant
from langchain_community.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings
embeddings = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name="all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
vectorstore = Qdrant.from_documents(documents, embeddings, url="http://localhost:6333", collection_name="docs")
retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 5})
```
### 配合 LlamaIndex
```python
from llama_index.vector_stores.qdrant import QdrantVectorStore
from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex, StorageContext
vector_store = QdrantVectorStore(client=client, collection_name="llama_docs")
storage_context = StorageContext.from_defaults(vector_store=vector_store)
index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(documents, storage_context=storage_context)
query_engine = index.as_query_engine()
```
## 多向量支持
### 命名向量(不同嵌入模型)
```python
from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance
# 包含多种向量类型的集合
client.create_collection(
collection_name="hybrid_search",
vectors_config={
"dense": VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
"sparse": VectorParams(size=30000, distance=Distance.DOT)
}
)
# 使用命名向量插入
client.upsert(
collection_name="hybrid_search",
points=[
PointStruct(
id=1,
vector={
"dense": dense_embedding,
"sparse": sparse_embedding
},
payload={"text": "document text"}
)
]
)
# 搜索指定向量
results = client.search(
collection_name="hybrid_search",
query_vector=("dense", query_dense), # 指定向量名称
limit=10
)
```
### 稀疏向量(BM25, SPLADE
```python
from qdrant_client.models import SparseVectorParams, SparseIndexParams, SparseVector
# 创建支持稀疏向量的集合
client.create_collection(
collection_name="sparse_search",
vectors_config={},
sparse_vectors_config={"text": SparseVectorParams(index=SparseIndexParams(on_disk=False))}
)
# 插入稀疏向量
client.upsert(
collection_name="sparse_search",
points=[PointStruct(id=1, vector={"text": SparseVector(indices=[1, 5, 100], values=[0.5, 0.8, 0.2])}, payload={"text": "document"})]
)
```
## 量化(内存优化)
```python
from qdrant_client.models import ScalarQuantization, ScalarQuantizationConfig, ScalarType
# 标量量化(内存减少 4 倍)
client.create_collection(
collection_name="quantized",
vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
quantization_config=ScalarQuantization(
scalar=ScalarQuantizationConfig(
type=ScalarType.INT8,
quantile=0.99, # 裁剪异常值
always_ram=True # 量化数据常驻 RAM
)
)
)
# 带重评分的搜索
results = client.search(
collection_name="quantized",
query_vector=query,
search_params={"quantization": {"rescore": True}}, # 对顶部结果重新评分
limit=10
)
```
## Payload 索引
```python
from qdrant_client.models import PayloadSchemaType
# 创建 payload 索引以加速过滤
client.create_payload_index(
collection_name="documents",
field_name="category",
field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD
)
client.create_payload_index(
collection_name="documents",
field_name="timestamp",
field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.INTEGER
)
# 索引类型:KEYWORD, INTEGER, FLOAT, GEO, TEXT(全文搜索), BOOL
```
## 生产部署
### Qdrant Cloud
```python
from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
# 连接到 Qdrant Cloud
client = QdrantClient(
url="https://your-cluster.cloud.qdrant.io",
api_key="your-api-key"
)
```
### 性能调优
```python
# 优化搜索速度(更高召回率)
client.update_collection(
collection_name="documents",
hnsw_config=HnswConfigDiff(ef_construct=200, m=32)
)
# 优化索引速度(批量加载)
client.update_collection(
collection_name="documents",
optimizer_config={"indexing_threshold": 20000}
)
```
## 最佳实践
1. **批量操作** - 使用批量 upsert/search 提高效率
2. **Payload 索引** - 为过滤字段建立索引
3. **量化** - 大集合(>100 万向量)建议启用
4. **分片** - 集合超过 1000 万向量时使用
5. **磁盘存储** - 大 payload 时启用 `on_disk_payload`
6. **连接池** - 复用客户端实例
## 常见问题
**带过滤条件的搜索速度慢:**
```python
# 为过滤字段创建 payload 索引
client.create_payload_index(
collection_name="docs",
field_name="category",
field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD
)
```
**内存不足:**
```python
# 启用量化和磁盘存储
client.create_collection(
collection_name="large_collection",
vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
quantization_config=ScalarQuantization(...),
on_disk_payload=True
)
```
**连接问题:**
```python
# 设置超时和重试
client = QdrantClient(
host="localhost",
port=6333,
timeout=30,
prefer_grpc=True # gRPC 提供更好性能
)
```
## 参考文档
- **[高级用法](references/advanced-usage.md)** - 分布式模式、混合搜索、推荐
- **[故障排查](references/troubleshooting.md)** - 常见问题、调试、性能调优
## 资源
- **GitHub**https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant22k+ Stars
- **文档**https://qdrant.tech/documentation/
- **Python 客户端**https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant-client
- **Cloud**https://cloud.qdrant.io
- **版本**1.12.0+
- **许可证**Apache 2.0