skillhub-189-qdrant-vector-search
498 行
13 KiB
Markdown
498 行
13 KiB
Markdown
---
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name: qdrant-vector-search
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description: 高性能向量相似度搜索引擎,适用于 RAG 和语义搜索。当需要构建生产级 RAG 系统,要求快速最近邻搜索、带过滤条件的混合搜索,或需要可扩展的 Rust 高性能向量存储时使用。
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version: 1.0.0
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author: Orchestra Research
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license: MIT
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dependencies: [qdrant-client>=1.12.0]
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platforms: [linux, macos, windows]
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metadata:
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hermes:
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tags: [RAG, Vector Search, Qdrant, Semantic Search, Embeddings, Similarity Search, HNSW, Production, Distributed]
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---
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# Qdrant - 向量相似度搜索引擎
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基于 Rust 编写的高性能向量数据库,适用于生产级 RAG 和语义搜索。
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## 何时使用 Qdrant
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**使用 Qdrant 的场景:**
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- 构建需要低延迟的生产级 RAG 系统
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- 需要混合搜索(向量 + 元数据过滤)
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- 需要支持分片/复制的水平扩展
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- 希望本地部署并完全掌控数据
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- 每条记录需要多向量存储(稠密 + 稀疏)
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- 构建实时推荐系统
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**主要特性:**
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- **Rust 驱动**:内存安全,高性能
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- **丰富过滤**:搜索时可按任意 payload 字段过滤
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- **多向量支持**:每个点支持稠密、稀疏、多稠密向量
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- **量化**:标量、乘积、二进制量化,节省内存
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- **分布式**:Raft 共识、分片、复制
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- **REST + gRPC**:两种 API 功能完全对等
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**备选方案:**
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- **Chroma**:安装更简单,适用于嵌入式场景
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- **FAISS**:追求最高原始速度,适用于研究/批量处理
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- **Pinecone**:全托管,适合零运维偏好
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- **Weaviate**:偏好 GraphQL,内置向量化器
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## 快速开始
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### 安装
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```bash
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# Python 客户端
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pip install qdrant-client
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# Docker(推荐用于开发)
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docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 qdrant/qdrant
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# Docker 持久化存储
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docker run -p 6333:6333 -p 6334:6334 \
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-v $(pwd)/qdrant_storage:/qdrant/storage \
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qdrant/qdrant
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```
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### 基本用法
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```python
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from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
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from qdrant_client.models import Distance, VectorParams, PointStruct
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# 连接 Qdrant
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client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)
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# 创建集合
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="documents",
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vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
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)
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# 插入向量及 payload
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client.upsert(
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collection_name="documents",
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points=[
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PointStruct(
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id=1,
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vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...], # 384 维向量
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payload={"title": "Doc 1", "category": "tech"}
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),
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PointStruct(
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id=2,
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vector=[0.3, 0.4, ...],
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payload={"title": "Doc 2", "category": "science"}
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)
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]
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)
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# 带过滤条件的搜索
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="documents",
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query_vector=[0.15, 0.25, ...],
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query_filter={
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"must": [{"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}}]
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},
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limit=10
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)
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for point in results:
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print(f"ID: {point.id}, Score: {point.score}, Payload: {point.payload}")
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```
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## 核心概念
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### Points - 基本数据单元
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import PointStruct
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# Point = ID + 向量 + Payload
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point = PointStruct(
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id=123, # 整数或 UUID 字符串
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vector=[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, ...], # 稠密向量
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payload={ # 任意 JSON 元数据
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"title": "Document title",
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"category": "tech",
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"timestamp": 1699900000,
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"tags": ["python", "ml"]
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}
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)
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# 批量 upsert(推荐)
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client.upsert(
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collection_name="documents",
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points=[point1, point2, point3],
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wait=True # 等待索引完成
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)
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```
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### Collections - 向量容器
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, HnswConfigDiff
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# 创建集合并配置 HNSW
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="documents",
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vectors_config=VectorParams(
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size=384, # 向量维度
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distance=Distance.COSINE # COSINE, EUCLID, DOT, MANHATTAN
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),
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hnsw_config=HnswConfigDiff(
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m=16, # 每节点连接数(默认 16)
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ef_construct=100, # 构建时精度(默认 100)
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full_scan_threshold=10000 # 低于此值切换为暴力搜索
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),
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on_disk_payload=True # payload 存储到磁盘
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)
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# 查看集合信息
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info = client.get_collection("documents")
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print(f"点数: {info.points_count}, 向量数: {info.vectors_count}")
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```
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### 距离度量
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| 度量方式 | 适用场景 | 范围 |
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|--------|----------|-------|
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| `COSINE` | 文本嵌入、归一化向量 | 0 到 2 |
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| `EUCLID` | 空间数据、图像特征 | 0 到 ∞ |
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| `DOT` | 推荐系统、非归一化向量 | -∞ 到 ∞ |
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| `MANHATTAN` | 稀疏特征、离散数据 | 0 到 ∞ |
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## 搜索操作
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### 基本搜索
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```python
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# 简单最近邻搜索
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="documents",
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query_vector=[0.1, 0.2, ...],
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limit=10,
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with_payload=True,
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with_vectors=False # 不返回向量(更快)
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)
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```
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### 带过滤条件的搜索
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import Filter, FieldCondition, MatchValue, Range
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# 复杂过滤
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="documents",
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query_vector=query_embedding,
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query_filter=Filter(
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must=[
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FieldCondition(key="category", match=MatchValue(value="tech")),
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FieldCondition(key="timestamp", range=Range(gte=1699000000))
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],
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must_not=[
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FieldCondition(key="status", match=MatchValue(value="archived"))
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]
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),
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limit=10
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)
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# 简化过滤语法
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="documents",
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query_vector=query_embedding,
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query_filter={
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"must": [
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{"key": "category", "match": {"value": "tech"}},
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{"key": "price", "range": {"gte": 10, "lte": 100}}
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]
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},
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limit=10
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)
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```
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### 批量搜索
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import SearchRequest
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# 一次请求执行多个查询
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results = client.search_batch(
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collection_name="documents",
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requests=[
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SearchRequest(vector=[0.1, ...], limit=5),
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SearchRequest(vector=[0.2, ...], limit=5, filter={"must": [...]}),
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SearchRequest(vector=[0.3, ...], limit=10)
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]
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)
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```
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## RAG 集成
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### 配合 sentence-transformers
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```python
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from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
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from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
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from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance, PointStruct
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# 初始化
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encoder = SentenceTransformer("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
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client = QdrantClient(host="localhost", port=6333)
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# 创建集合
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="knowledge_base",
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vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE)
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)
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# 索引文档
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documents = [
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{"id": 1, "text": "Python is a programming language", "source": "wiki"},
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{"id": 2, "text": "Machine learning uses algorithms", "source": "textbook"},
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]
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points = [
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PointStruct(
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id=doc["id"],
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vector=encoder.encode(doc["text"]).tolist(),
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payload={"text": doc["text"], "source": doc["source"]}
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)
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for doc in documents
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]
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client.upsert(collection_name="knowledge_base", points=points)
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# RAG 检索
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def retrieve(query: str, top_k: int = 5) -> list[dict]:
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query_vector = encoder.encode(query).tolist()
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="knowledge_base",
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query_vector=query_vector,
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limit=top_k
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)
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return [{"text": r.payload["text"], "score": r.score} for r in results]
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# 在 RAG 流水线中使用
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context = retrieve("What is Python?")
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prompt = f"Context: {context}\n\nQuestion: What is Python?"
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```
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### 配合 LangChain
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```python
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from langchain_community.vectorstores import Qdrant
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from langchain_community.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings
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embeddings = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name="all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
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vectorstore = Qdrant.from_documents(documents, embeddings, url="http://localhost:6333", collection_name="docs")
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retriever = vectorstore.as_retriever(search_kwargs={"k": 5})
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```
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### 配合 LlamaIndex
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```python
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from llama_index.vector_stores.qdrant import QdrantVectorStore
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from llama_index.core import VectorStoreIndex, StorageContext
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vector_store = QdrantVectorStore(client=client, collection_name="llama_docs")
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storage_context = StorageContext.from_defaults(vector_store=vector_store)
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index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents(documents, storage_context=storage_context)
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query_engine = index.as_query_engine()
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```
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## 多向量支持
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### 命名向量(不同嵌入模型)
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import VectorParams, Distance
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# 包含多种向量类型的集合
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="hybrid_search",
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vectors_config={
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"dense": VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
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"sparse": VectorParams(size=30000, distance=Distance.DOT)
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}
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)
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# 使用命名向量插入
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client.upsert(
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collection_name="hybrid_search",
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points=[
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PointStruct(
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id=1,
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vector={
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"dense": dense_embedding,
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"sparse": sparse_embedding
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},
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payload={"text": "document text"}
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)
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]
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)
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# 搜索指定向量
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="hybrid_search",
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query_vector=("dense", query_dense), # 指定向量名称
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limit=10
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)
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```
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### 稀疏向量(BM25, SPLADE)
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import SparseVectorParams, SparseIndexParams, SparseVector
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# 创建支持稀疏向量的集合
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="sparse_search",
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vectors_config={},
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sparse_vectors_config={"text": SparseVectorParams(index=SparseIndexParams(on_disk=False))}
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)
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# 插入稀疏向量
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client.upsert(
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collection_name="sparse_search",
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points=[PointStruct(id=1, vector={"text": SparseVector(indices=[1, 5, 100], values=[0.5, 0.8, 0.2])}, payload={"text": "document"})]
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)
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```
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## 量化(内存优化)
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import ScalarQuantization, ScalarQuantizationConfig, ScalarType
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# 标量量化(内存减少 4 倍)
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="quantized",
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vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
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quantization_config=ScalarQuantization(
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scalar=ScalarQuantizationConfig(
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type=ScalarType.INT8,
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quantile=0.99, # 裁剪异常值
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always_ram=True # 量化数据常驻 RAM
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)
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)
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)
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# 带重评分的搜索
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results = client.search(
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collection_name="quantized",
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query_vector=query,
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search_params={"quantization": {"rescore": True}}, # 对顶部结果重新评分
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limit=10
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)
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```
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## Payload 索引
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```python
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from qdrant_client.models import PayloadSchemaType
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# 创建 payload 索引以加速过滤
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client.create_payload_index(
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collection_name="documents",
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field_name="category",
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field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD
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)
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client.create_payload_index(
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collection_name="documents",
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field_name="timestamp",
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field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.INTEGER
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)
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# 索引类型:KEYWORD, INTEGER, FLOAT, GEO, TEXT(全文搜索), BOOL
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```
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## 生产部署
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### Qdrant Cloud
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```python
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from qdrant_client import QdrantClient
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# 连接到 Qdrant Cloud
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client = QdrantClient(
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url="https://your-cluster.cloud.qdrant.io",
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api_key="your-api-key"
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)
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```
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### 性能调优
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```python
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# 优化搜索速度(更高召回率)
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client.update_collection(
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collection_name="documents",
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hnsw_config=HnswConfigDiff(ef_construct=200, m=32)
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)
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# 优化索引速度(批量加载)
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client.update_collection(
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collection_name="documents",
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optimizer_config={"indexing_threshold": 20000}
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)
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```
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## 最佳实践
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1. **批量操作** - 使用批量 upsert/search 提高效率
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2. **Payload 索引** - 为过滤字段建立索引
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3. **量化** - 大集合(>100 万向量)建议启用
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4. **分片** - 集合超过 1000 万向量时使用
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5. **磁盘存储** - 大 payload 时启用 `on_disk_payload`
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6. **连接池** - 复用客户端实例
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## 常见问题
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**带过滤条件的搜索速度慢:**
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```python
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# 为过滤字段创建 payload 索引
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client.create_payload_index(
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collection_name="docs",
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field_name="category",
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field_schema=PayloadSchemaType.KEYWORD
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)
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```
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**内存不足:**
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```python
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# 启用量化和磁盘存储
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client.create_collection(
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collection_name="large_collection",
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vectors_config=VectorParams(size=384, distance=Distance.COSINE),
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quantization_config=ScalarQuantization(...),
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on_disk_payload=True
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)
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```
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**连接问题:**
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```python
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# 设置超时和重试
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client = QdrantClient(
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host="localhost",
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port=6333,
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timeout=30,
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prefer_grpc=True # gRPC 提供更好性能
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)
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```
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## 参考文档
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- **[高级用法](references/advanced-usage.md)** - 分布式模式、混合搜索、推荐
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- **[故障排查](references/troubleshooting.md)** - 常见问题、调试、性能调优
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## 资源
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- **GitHub**:https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant(22k+ Stars)
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- **文档**:https://qdrant.tech/documentation/
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- **Python 客户端**:https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant-client
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- **Cloud**:https://cloud.qdrant.io
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- **版本**:1.12.0+
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- **许可证**:Apache 2.0
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