---
title: "Inference and Merging"
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---

This guide covers how to use your trained models for inference, including model loading, interactive testing, merging adapters, and common troubleshooting steps.

## Quick Start {#sec-quickstart}

::: {.callout-tip}
Use the same config used for training on inference/merging.
:::

### Basic Inference {#sec-basic}

::: {.panel-tabset}

## LoRA Models

```{.bash}
axolotl inference your_config.yml --lora-model-dir="./lora-output-dir"
```

## Full Fine-tuned Models

```{.bash}
axolotl inference your_config.yml --base-model="./completed-model"
```

:::

### Interactive Chat {#sec-chat}

For multi-turn testing of conversational models, use chat mode. The chat template
is resolved exactly as it was during training and re-applied to the full
conversation each turn:

```{.bash}
axolotl inference your_config.yml --chat
```

Type a message to chat. End a line with `\` to continue typing on the next line.
Slash commands control the session:

| Command | Aliases | Description |
|---------|---------|-------------|
| `/help` | `/?` | Show all commands |
| `/new` | `/clear`, `/reset` | Clear the conversation (keeps system prompt and parameters) |
| `/system [text\|clear]` | | Show, set, or clear the system prompt |
| `/set <param> <value>` | | Set a generation parameter |
| `/status` | `/params` | Show model info and current settings |
| `/history` | | Show the conversation so far |
| `/retry` | `/regen` | Regenerate the last assistant reply |
| `/undo` | | Remove the last exchange |
| `/save [path]` | | Append the conversation as a `chat_template`-format JSONL sample |
| `/quit` | `/exit`, `/q` | Exit |

Generation parameters can also be set directly, e.g. `/temperature 0.7` (or
`/temp 0.7`), `/top_p 0.9`, `/top_k 50`, `/max_tokens 512`, `/rep 1.05`,
`/seed 42`. Setting `temperature` to `0` switches to greedy decoding.

Press `Ctrl+C` during generation to stop the current reply; the partial response
is kept in the conversation (diffusion replies denoise in one piece, so an
interrupted diffusion turn is discarded instead).

#### Thinking Models {#sec-chat-thinking}

Thinking blocks (e.g. `<think>...</think>`) stream live in a small dim window,
then collapse to a one-line summary — `/expand` shows the full reasoning of the
last reply, and `/collapse off` switches to raw verbatim output. The per-turn
stats split thinking from reply tokens. If the chat template supports a
render-time thinking toggle (e.g. Qwen's `enable_thinking`), `/think off`
disables thinking entirely from the next turn; `/think default` restores the
template default.

::: {.callout-note}
Assistant turns are stored the way `transformers` recommends: special tokens
are stripped and thinking is kept on a separate `reasoning_content` key (via
the tokenizer's `parse_response` schema when it ships one, marker-splitting
otherwise), so the chat template decides how prior-turn reasoning is
re-rendered — matching what the model saw during training. The KV cache is
re-used across turns whenever the rendered conversation extends the previous
one, so long chats stay responsive.
:::

`/save` writes conversations in the `messages` format accepted by
`type: chat_template` datasets, so a good interactive session can be turned
directly into training data.

#### Diffusion Models {#sec-chat-diffusion}

With the diffusion plugin enabled, chat mode generates each reply by appending
a masked block to the conversation and denoising it. Replies arrive in one
piece (no token streaming), and the parameter set changes accordingly:
`/tokens N` sets the completion block size, `/steps N` the number of denoising
steps, and `/temperature` the denoising temperature. Defaults come from the
`diffusion:` section of your config.

Chat mode is not supported with `--prompter`; use the default inference mode
for legacy prompters.

## Advanced Usage {#sec-advanced}

### Gradio Interface {#sec-gradio}

Launch an interactive web interface:

```{.bash}
axolotl inference your_config.yml --gradio
```

### File-based Prompts {#sec-file-prompts}

Process prompts from a text file:

```{.bash}
cat /tmp/prompt.txt | axolotl inference your_config.yml \
  --base-model="./completed-model" --prompter=None
```

### Memory Optimization {#sec-memory}

For large models or limited memory:

```{.bash}
axolotl inference your_config.yml --load-in-8bit=True
```

## Merging LoRA Weights {#sec-merging}

Merge LoRA adapters with the base model:

```{.bash}
axolotl merge-lora your_config.yml --lora-model-dir="./completed-model"
```

### Memory Management for Merging {#sec-memory-management}

::: {.panel-tabset}

## Configuration Options

```{.yaml}
gpu_memory_limit: 20GiB  # Adjust based on your GPU
lora_on_cpu: true        # Process on CPU if needed
```

## Force CPU Merging

```{.bash}
CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES="" axolotl merge-lora ...
```

:::

## Tokenization {#sec-tokenization}

### Common Issues {#sec-tokenization-issues}

::: {.callout-warning}
Tokenization mismatches between training and inference are a common source of problems.
:::

To debug:

1. Check training tokenization:
```{.bash}
axolotl preprocess your_config.yml --debug
```

2. Verify inference tokenization by decoding tokens before model input

3. Compare token IDs between training and inference

### Special Tokens {#sec-special-tokens}

Configure special tokens in your YAML:

```{.yaml}
special_tokens:
  bos_token: "<s>"
  eos_token: "</s>"
  unk_token: "<unk>"
tokens:
  - "<|im_start|>"
  - "<|im_end|>"
```

## Troubleshooting {#sec-troubleshooting}

### Common Problems {#sec-common-problems}

::: {.panel-tabset}

## Memory Issues

- Use 8-bit loading
- Reduce batch sizes
- Try CPU offloading

## Token Issues

- Verify special tokens
- Check tokenizer settings
- Compare training and inference preprocessing

## Performance Issues

- Verify model loading
- Check prompt formatting
- Ensure temperature/sampling settings

:::

For more details, see our [debugging guide](debugging.qmd).